CDM Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) are aimed at bringing the UK’s health and safety regulations in compliance with EU requirements, as well as making the regulations both more effective and efficient. The similarities in the aims of CDM 2015 and BIM are readily apparent. Both are intended to improve and refine the construction process, including in particular the management and exchange of data.
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Are CDM and BIM a natural partnership? The data-rich environment of BIM has the potential to assist in the fulfilment of CDM duties. For example, employer’s requirements or specifications could require relevant information to be included into each designer’s BIM model to facilitate health and safety checks and requirements.
The ability to carry out construction simulations using the models also opens up the potential to identify the safest construction arrangements or processes, and establish likely construction hazards. Furthermore, the objects contained in the models could be embedded with data relevant to health and safety, which would make it easier to check and coordinate health and safety issues and make it less likely to be missed in a mountain of paperwork.
All these possibilities are particularly important given the wide-ranging scope of the new Principal Designer role, and could form an integral part of the Principal Designer’s management and coordination of the pre-construction and design health and safety issues, saving time, costs and resources.
The potential does not end there. BIM databases could be utilised to track important health and safety information relating to changes in design, materials and equipment, as well as personnel. There are already reports of research projects that progress this goal, such as where crane movements were modelled to establish how far across the site it would extend in order to establish lifting patterns and its potential collapse crash zone.
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A number of trial projects have also used data drawn directly from the model to create site visualisations that indicate potential accident hot spots. And there are other innovative ways that model data is being utilised, such as the Myzone system which uses proximity sensors to keep workers and hazards apart.
In Singapore this is already becoming a reality. The government-funded Corenet eplan checking software, around since 2001, enables a design to be checked for compliance with building regulations. Other model-checking software, such as Solibri, enables models to be checked for integrity, quality and physical safety, and is being developed to propose safety measures on the existence of recognised hazards during its checking process. This reduces the risk of accidents and health and safety incidents both during and after construction.
In the event of an incident, the modelling data can also be used in investigations, reducing the time and costs of investigations (and any disputes) for all concerned. High-risk industries like rail and nuclear already use a similar modelling approach in the investigations of accidents.
The obvious symbiotic potential between BIM and CDM has already been recognised by various bodies. The HSE’s BIM for Health and Safety Group and the government-formed BIM4Regs Working Group are in the process of researching this potential, and RIBA Publishing has published a BIM for construction health and safety book.
The contractual issues of using BIM to fulfil CDM obligations
If parties are considering utilising BIM to assist in the fulfilment or implementation of their CDM obligations, they should ensure that the scope and risk allocation are clearly set out in their contract documents, to avoid mismatched expectations or unnecessary disputes.
As regards scope, parties would find it helpful to specify what health and safety information should be contained in the models and/or COBie datasets, and the level of development (and frequency of updates) required for such information.
A standardised format for such information may also ease the parties’ review and dissemination of the information when received. This ensures that the information is useful, and there are less likely to be arguments on whether certain health and safety information needs to be prepared or provided.
It is important to specify the extent of authorised use of such information, as with any other BIM information provided to other parties, as well as any exclusions or limitations of liability for unauthorised use. In the same vein, a party inputting or providing any such BIM health and safety information or data will want to expressly specify the standard of care to which this information has been prepared, ie reasonable skill and care rather than any strict liability.
Where a party, such as the Principal Designer or Principal Contractor, is relying on information extracted from BIM models and/or datasets in fulfilment of their CDM statutory and contractual duties, it would be sensible to incorporate appropriate exclusions and limitations of liability as well as, where possible, assurances or warranties from the employer, or directly from the information authors, on the accuracy of, or at least integrity checks carried out on, this information.
The changing and brave new world of BIM clearly holds significant potential for supporting the fulfilment of the obligations of the CDM 2015. Designers undertaking the new Principal Designer role in particular would find it sensible to utilise and expand the project’s arsenal of BIM data and processes to satisfy the significant new obligations they are faced with under CDM 2015.
In the event of an incident, the modelling data can also be used in investigations, reducing the time and costs of investigations (and any disputes) for all concerned. High-risk industries like rail and nuclear already use a similar modelling approach in the investigations of accidents.
– May Winfield
