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Digital twin on a volcano
Aude Camus Senior manager, product marketing, structural analysis, Bentley Systems
A view of Cumbre Vieja volcano taken from the Mirador El Time taken in September 2021 by Eduardo Robaina (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LUN_8419.jpg)
After La Palma, the Spanish Canary Island, was devastated by a volcanic eruption, Spain’s National Geographic Institute set about creating a digital twin of the altered landscape to aid the island’s reconstruction and prepare for future eruptions. Aude Camus of Bentley Systems details the challenges.
After 50 years of dormancy, the volcano that forms the Cumbre Vieja Ridge on the island of La Palma in the Spanish Canary Islands erupted in September 2021, resulting in one of the archipelago’s most destructive volcanic events in 500 years. Lasting 85 days, it is estimated to have caused up to €843m in damage to the island’s infrastructure.
Spewing lava as high as 500m and with a flow traversing the island, the volcano eruption destroyed buildings, towns and approximately 350ha of banana plantations. It also destroyed more than 2,500 homes, forcing 7,000 residents to evacuate. While there were no deaths, the challenges at hand include rebuilding the communities and determining how best to protect the thousands of people who live on the slopes of the ridge from future catastrophic events.
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Responsible for producing the official cartography of Spain and managing, maintaining and communicating geographic and spatial data, the National Geographic Institute (CNIG) was tasked with ascertaining the current state of La Palma after the eruption. “The project involved obtaining a realistic landscape of the new orography of the island of La Palma following the changes caused by the last eruption of the Cumbre Vieja ridge between 19 September and 13 December 2021,” said Celia Sevilla, head of international projects at the CNIG.
While the initial project objective was a digital cartography model to help reconstruct the island, another objective was to develop the virtual model as a tool to help define protection and management plans aimed at safeguarding communities and infrastructure, which will help increase the island’s resiliency to natural disasters.
Integrating multi-sourced data and models
To produce an accurate digital representation of the new orography of La Palma, the CNIG had to merge two models. The first was obtained from existing aerial photographs of the island with a ground sample distance of 25cm, while the second was created from 14,000 drone-captured images with a high-resolution ground pixel size of 5cm that focused on the affected area, including craters and lava flow.
Integrating the two different types of data with very different geometric resolutions presented challenges, compounded by the surface irregularity and disappearance of identifiable points on the ground due to the lava. “The biggest challenge was integrating very disparate resolutions, as well as searching and locating identifiable points for geo-referencing, because the lava flows had caused much of the land in the area to disappear,” said Sevilla.
In addition to the lava-affected topography and data integration issues, the CNIG also faced time constraints. It needed to generate an accurate reality model and digital twin in a short period. From the digital twin, the CNIG also had to create updated digital elevation models to correct the official cartography published by the Spanish National Geographic Institute, accessible both digitally via CNIG’s download centre, map viewers, and mobile applications, and as printed versions.
To quickly integrate the large survey data and models with varying resolutions into a realistic, multipurpose digital landscape, the CNIG required comprehensive and flexible reality modelling technology.
Landscape modelling
The CNIG was tasked with obtaining a digital realistic landscape of the island following changes caused by the Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma (Image courtesy of Spanish National Center for Geographic Information)
Based on experiences with other projects, the CNIG selected ContextCapture to integrate the aerial photos covering the entire island pre-eruption with the drone images captured during the period that the volcano remained active. This process would allow them to digitally reconstruct the new island landscape.
Using Bentley’s reality modelling application allowed the different resolutions to be integrated into a single landscape. “ContextCapture has perfectly resolved the development of models from a large number of photographs while allowing the integration of different data sources, along with different resolutions,” said Sevilla.
The software enabled the CNIG to quickly merge the 14,000 high-resolution, drone-captured images with the lower-resolution photographs into an accurate single-landscape digital twin model to virtually study the area and plan new infrastructure development.
Virtual planning and reconstruction
The creation of a digital twin offers a multipurpose solution, making information easily accessible to agencies and the public for various applications. Easy digital reconstruction of the territory now makes it possible for the government to keep citizens regularly informed.
“The fact that a reality model of the new appearance of the island of La Palma is available is the fastest, closest, and most accurate way of showing it to citizens,” said Sevilla. The Bentley-based digital solution reduces the environmental impact of manual onsite methods, while saving time and costs, as well as providing citizens with a glimpse into the current state of their plots and homes in a safe and agile manner.
Digitisation of the project enabled virtual access to the study area, which is not physically permitted due to safety and environmental protection issues. The model facilitates virtual reconstruction and planning to rebuild infrastructure and respond to events similar to the Cumbre Vieja eruption. It enables the implementation of proactive protection and management plans to safeguard people and property from future natural disasters.
“The speed in obtaining the data, the simplicity of its processing, and its subsequent integration into the existing model make this methodology an option for any future episodes,” said Sevilla.
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